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NCERT Solutions for class 7 History chapter 10 – Eighteenth-Century Political Formations

Back Exercise

IMAGINE
You are a ruler of an eighteenth-century kingdom. Tell us about the steps you would take to make your position strong in your province, and what opposition or problems you might face while doing so.
Answer.
Steps to be taken to make the position strong in our province:

  1. Check on depletion of resources: financial and military.
  2. Check or stop wars.
  3. Check on powerful mansabdars.
  4. No appointment of nobles to control revenue offices and military administration.
  5. Not allowing governors to become strong.

Opposition/Problems to be faced while doing so:

  1. Opposition from financial officers and military.
  2. Problems from nobles/govemors.
  3. Problems from mansabdars.
  4. Opposition from nobles.
  5. Opposition from governors.

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:
subadar                                                 a revenue farmer
faujdar                                                      a high noble
ijaradar                                                 provincial governor
misl                                                   Maratha peasant warriors
chauth                                            a Mughal military commander
kunbis                                                   a band of Sikh warriors
umara                                                 tax levied by the Marathas
Answer.
Subadar                                                    provincial governor
Faujdar                                              a Mughal military commander
Ijaradar                                                       a revenue farmer
Misl                                                           a band of Sikh warriors
Chauth                                                    tax levied by the Marathas
Kunbi                                                       Maratha peasant warriors
Umar                                                                 a high noble

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

  1. Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the ……………..
  2. Umara and zamindars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal …………….
  3. Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in ………………
  4. The founder of the Awadh state was …………………..

Answer.

  1. Deccan
  2. nobility
  3. eighteenth century.
  4. Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:

  1. Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
  2. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
  3. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
  4. Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer.

  1. False
  2. False
  3. True
  4. True.

Question 4.
What were the offices held by Saadat Khan?
Answer.
Sa’adat Khan held the offices of Subadari, diwani and faujdari. In other words, he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?
Answer.
The Ncuvabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the jagirdari system in order to reduce the influence of the Mughals in their states.

Question 6.
How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer.
Organisation of Sikhs in the 18th century:

  1. Regional state-building in Punjab.
  2. Guru Gobind Singh fought several battles with Rajput and Mughal rulers.
  3. Set Khalsa in 1699.
  4. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh, Banda Bahadur rose in revolt • He was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716.
  5. Jathas were formed in 18th century.
  6. The combined force was known as dal Khalsa.
  7. Cultivators paid 20% of this product for their protection.

Question 7.
Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer.
Marathas wanted to establish their r unquestioned rule over the subcontinent. They also earned untold booty and resources from the wars they fought. Therefore, they wanted to expand beyond Deccan.

Question 8.
What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?
Answer.
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah founded the state of Hyderabad and gained control of financial and political administration:

  1. He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from the north and gave them opportunities in the south.
  2. He combined the offices of Subadari, faujdari and diwani.
  3. He appointed mansabdars and gave them Jagirs.
  4. Collected taxes through bankers and mahajans.
  5. He ruled independently without seeking directions or interference from Delhi.
  6. His decisions were merely confirmed by the Mughal Emperor.

Question 9.
Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?
Answer.

  1. Yes, I think that merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century.
  2. For example, Reliance Company has entered into electricity distribution in Delhi.
  3. It has already installed new electric meters that run much faster than the previous meters.
  4. In this way, the common man suffers, as he would have suffered in the 18th century.
  5. And the state government won’t do anything in this matter.
  6. This proves the merchant/banker connection with governmental authorities.

Question 10.
Did any of the kingdoms mentioned in this chapter develop in your state? If so, in what ways do you think life in the state would have been different in the eighteenth century from what it is in the twenty-first century?
Answer.
One example:

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out more about the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of any of the following Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad.
Answer.
Architecture and culture associated with the new courts of the following:
Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad {Any one).

Question 12.
Collect popular tales about rulers from any one of the following groups of people: the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs or Marathas.
Answer.
Do this exercise yourself with the help of your history teacher.

In-text Questions

Question 1.
See Chapter 4, Table 1. Which group of people challenged Mughal authority for the longest time in Aurangzeb’s reign? (NCERT Page 139)
Answer.
Marathas.

Question 2.
In trying to consolidate their rule, why did Mughal Subadars also want to control the office of diwan? (NCERT Page 144)
Answer.
Because they wanted to control the state in toto.

Question 3.
What is the Khalsa? Do you recall reading about it in Chapter 8? (NCERT Page 148)
Answer.

  1. Khalsa was set up as a path by Guru Gobind Singh.
  2. Yes, we recall it.