Answer

(i) Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced after processing the various raw materials.

(ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:

→ Availability of raw material. 

→ Suitable climate. 

→ Availability of water and power supply.

(iii) Three human factors for the location of an industry are

→ Availability of cheap labour

→ Availability of services such as consultants and financial advice

→ Availability of Market

(iv) Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry.

(v) The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are: limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?

Following are some recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity:
→ Liberalisation

(ii) Industries are responsible for four types of pollution – air, water, land, and noise pollution. Following are the various reasons:
→ Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
→ Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
→ Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
→ Wastes from nuclear plants cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
→ Dumping of wastes especially, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and other garbage render the soil useless.
→ Noise pollution is caused due to industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, electric saws, drills and other machineries.

(iii) The steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry are:
→ To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.
→ For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
→ Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.

Activity

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

(i) Used to drive machinery                       (5) P...........................

(ii) People who work in a factory              (6) W..........................

(iii) Where the product is sold                   (6) M..........................

(iv) A person who sells goods                   (8) R...........................

(v) Thing produced                                    (7) P...........................

(vi) To make or produce                            (11) M..........................

(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded           (9) P...........................

Answer

(i) Power

(ii) Worker

(iii) Market

(iv) Retailer

(v) Product

(vi) Manufacture

(vii) Pollution